ARCOM

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Afroz, R (2020) Developing a low-carbon architecture pedagogy in Bangladesh. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 637–49.

Andersen, C E, Kanafani, K, Zimmermann, R K, Rasmussen, F N and Birgisdóttir, H (2020) Comparison of GHG emissions from circular and conventional building components. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 379–92.

Anderson, J and Moncaster, A (2020) Embodied carbon of concrete in buildings, Part 1: analysis of published EPD. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 198–217.

Axon, S and Morrissey, J (2020) Just energy transitions? Social inequities, vulnerabilities and unintended consequences. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 393–411.

Baborska-Narozny, M, Szulgowska-Zgrzywa, M, Mokrzecka, M, Chmielewska, A, Fidorow-Kaprawy, N, Stefanowicz, E, Piechurski, K and Laska, M (2020) Climate justice: air quality and transitions from solid fuel heating. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 120–40.

Balouktsi, M (2020) Carbon metrics for cities: production and consumption implications for policies. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 233–59.

Bordass, B (2020) Metrics for energy performance in operation: the fallacy of single indicators. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 260–76.

Clarke, L, Sahin-Dikmen, M and Winch, C (2020) Transforming vocational education and training for nearly zero-energy building. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 650–61.

Crawley, J, McKenna, E, Gori, V and Oreszczyn, T (2020) Creating Domestic Building Thermal Performance Ratings Using Smart Meter Data. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 1–13.

Fawcett, T and Topouzi, M (2020) Residential retrofit in the climate emergency: the role of metrics. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 475–90.

Francart, N, Höjer, M, Mjörnell, K, Orahim, A S, von Platten, J and Malmqvist, T (2020) Sharing indoor space: stakeholders’ perspectives and energy metrics. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 70–85.

Frischknecht, R, Alig, M, Nathani, C, Hellmüller, P and Stolz, P (2020) Carbon footprints and reduction requirements: the Swiss real estate sector. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 325–36.

Grant, E J (2020) Mainstreaming environmental education for architects: the need for basic literacies. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 538–49.

Green, E, Lannon, S, Patterson, J, Variale, F and Iorwerth, H (2020) Decarbonising the Welsh housing stock: from practice to policy. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 277–92.

Green, S D and Sergeeva, N (2020) The contested privileging of zero carbon: plausibility, persuasiveness and professionalism. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 491–503.

Habert, G, Röck, M, Steininger, K, Lupísek, A, Birgisdottir, H, Desing, H, Chandrakumar, C, Pittau, F, Passer, A, Rovers, R, Slavkovic, K, Hollberg, A, Hoxha, E, Jusselme, T, Nault, E, Allacker, K and Lützkendorf, T (2020) Carbon budgets for buildings: harmonising temporal, spatial and sectoral dimensions. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 429–52.

Hamstead, Z, Coseo, P, AlKhaled, S, Boamah, E F, Hondula, D M, Middel, A and Rajkovich, N (2020) Thermally resilient communities: creating a socio-technical collaborative response to extreme temperatures. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 218–32.

Hoxha, E, Passer, A, Saade, M R M, Trigaux, D, Shuttleworth, A, Pittau, F, Allacker, K and Habert, G (2020) Biogenic carbon in buildings: a critical overview of LCA methods. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 504–24.

Killip, G (2020) A reform agenda for UK construction education and practice. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 525–37.

Klinsky, S and Mavrogianni, A (2020) Climate justice and the built environment. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 412–28.

Kuittinen, M and Häkkinen, T (2020) Reduced carbon footprints of buildings: new Finnish standards and assessments. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 182–97.

Lützkendorf, T (2020) The role of carbon metrics in supporting built-environment professionals. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 676–86.

Lützkendorf, T and Frischknecht, R (2020) (Net-) zero-emission buildings: a typology of terms and definitions. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 662–75.

Mayer, M (2020) Material recovery certification for construction workers. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 550–64.

Parkin, A, Herrera, M and Coley, D A (2020) Net-zero buildings: when carbon and energy metrics diverge. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 86–99.

• Type: Journal Article
• Keywords: buildings; carbon emissions; carbon metrics; energy grids; net zero; performance; zero carbon;
• ISBN/ISSN: 2632-6655
• URL: https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.27
• Abstract:
  Many climate change-related building frameworks are designed to improve environmental performance by requiring reduced net energy demand, as it is widely assumed that energy demand (e.g. delivered/final, primary, primary non-renewable) is a good proxy for carbon emissions. However, energy grids are becoming less carbon intensive, meaning that the climate change mitigation value of renewably generated energy is not static, and is likely to decrease. In this research, a global integrated building carbon and energy model was created to explore how assessed building performance responded to stepwise variation in multiple building features. Operational and embodied metrics were measured concurrently on the basis of carbon emissions and delivered final energy demand, and included renewable energy generation (via roof-mounted photovoltaics), resulting in two 12.3 million-point data sets. Logistic regression was used to identify patterns in the data sets using binary building classifications (zero or non-zero energy or carbon). The results demonstrate that the profiles of the energy and carbon metric data sets do not mirror each other, indicating that a delivered energy demand assessment is not necessarily a good proxy for carbon emissions. The divergence of these metrics is likely to grow in future as energy grids are increasingly decarbonised. The energy metric is often relied upon as an indicator of climate-related building performance. However, policy-makers and designers should instead focus their attention on a carbon metric in order to achieve the drastic reduction in carbon emissions needed for the 1.5°C limit on rising global temperatures. Grid generated energy (particularly electricity) tends to be viewed as universally carbon intensive, so offsetting even a small amount with renewable energy is seen as beneficial. This research demonstrates that design philosophies underpinning zero-energy building (ZEB) assessment outcomes are likely to be driven by environmental factors (i.e. overcoming temperature and insolation challenges). However, the zero-carbon equivalent is likely to be more closely associated with the characteristics of the electricity grid servicing the building. This study highlights the fact that, to accrue real benefits, long-term policy and design decisions need to factor in the changing nature of the carbon implications of energy demand and generation.

Passe, U (2020) A design workflow for integrating performance into architectural education. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 565–78.

Passe, U, Dorneich, M, Krejci, C, Koupaei, D M, Marmur, B, Shenk, L, Stonewall, J, Thompson, J and Zhou, Y (2020) An urban modelling framework for climate resilience in low-resource neighbourhoods. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 453–74.

Patrick, M, Grewal, G, Chelagat, W and Shannon, G (2020) Planetary health justice: feminist approaches to building in rural Kenya. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 308–24.

Roca-Puigròs, M, Billy, R G, Gerber, A, Wäger, P and Müller, D B (2020) Pathways toward a carbon-neutral Swiss residential building stock. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 579–93.

Salter, J, Lu, Y, Kim, J C, Kellett, R, Girling, C, Inomata, F and Krahn, A (2020) Iterative ‘what-if’ neighborhood simulation: energy and emissions impacts. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 293–307.

Schünemann, C, Olfert, A, Schiela, D, Gruhler, K and Ortlepp, R (2020) Mitigation and adaptation in multifamily housing: overheating and climate justice. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 36–55.

Schiller, G, Gruhler, K and Xie, X (2020) Assessing the efficiency of indoor and outdoor access-related infrastructure. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 56–69.

Schmidt, M, Crawford, R H and Warren-Myers, G (2020) Integrating life-cycle GHG emissions into a building’s economic evaluation. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 361–78.

Schoenefeldt, H (2020) Delivery of occupant satisfaction in the House of Commons, 1950–2019. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 141–63.

Simpson, K, Janda, K B and Owen, A (2020) Preparing ‘middle actors’ to deliver zero-carbon building transitions. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 610–24.

Srivastava, M (2020) Cooperative learning in design studios: a pedagogy for net-positive performance. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 594–609.

Steadman, P, Evans, S, Liddiard, R, Godoy-Shimizu, D, Ruyssevelt, P and Humphrey, D (2020) Building stock energy modelling in the UK: the 3DStock method and the London Building Stock Model. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 100–19.

Steininger, K W, Meyer, L, Nabernegg, S and Kirchengast, G (2020) Sectoral carbon budgets as an evaluation framework for the built environment. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 337–60.

Stevenson, F and Kwok, A (2020) Mainstreaming zero carbon: lessons for built-environment education and training. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 687–96.

Tanguy, A, Breton, C, Blanchet, P and Amor, B (2020) Characterising the development trends driving sustainable neighborhoods. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 164–81.

Waldman, B, Huang, M and Simonen, K (2020) Embodied carbon in construction materials: a framework for quantifying data quality in EPDs. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 625–36.

Willand, N, Moore, T, Horne, R and Robertson, S (2020) Retrofit Poverty: Socioeconomic Spatial Disparities in Retrofit Subsidies Uptake. Buildings and Cities, 1(01), 14–35.